http://www.varigraphics.com/graphics-pipeline-explanation/
graphics pipeline explanation
graphics pipeline explanation
Processor technology Dual-Core
Introduction:
When we speak of processors based on the double, this question is in our mind: What is the advantage of using dual-core processors? And with the increasing use of dual core processors, this issue is more important than before. dual-core processor more useful for us, what are the advantages and disadvantages
the use of dual core? and what are the differences between two Dual-Core processors and? Microarchitecture Intel and AMD dual-core. Which is better?
I want to try in this work to answer these questions.
Define and comparing two processor DualCore
an issue for some users who want to buy a high configuration system is that if you want to have two processors on their computers. For video editing, great graphics, multi-threading in applications, or a lot of multitasking the answer is positive. Then the second question is as follows: two separate processors or one dual core processor? dual processor or dual core, which is best for me? As we know manufacturers computers try to increase the speed processors.
However, the size of the duo, complexity and heat issues has become increasingly difficult for the faster processor. To further improve the results, came to another solution. because it has two processors and, of course, a map mother that the housing support is more expensive. Architectural engineers has created another
as follows: The use of two processors, join them on a single chip. You can have the power and performance of two processors, only one output on the motherboard there. This price will be cheaper, and allows the power of two hearts with a cost that is less than two separate processors.
There are differences particularly between Intel and AMD is the way it combines two cores on a chip, and speeds the heart of every performance that can directly affect the amount is the system with a processor dual-core performance. In addition, different types of programs for different benefits and using different types of dual-core processors we will discuss this subject in this research.
A dual-core processor is exactly what we say. These are two processor cores on a chip
as a processor duplicate on a single processor. AMD Opteron processor was
dual processor capable since it began. Opteron was designed with a HyperTransport link Further we will argue about it. HyperTransport technology: a data connection as soon as possible to transfer more data between two chips. Is
does not mean that the chip is faster for himself. This means that this technology offers the possibility through a HyperTransport chip to communicate to third.
As I explained a Dual-Core is a combination of two separate processors in one package or a single integrated circuit (IC). A dual-processor device contains two independent microprocessors and a quad-core device contains four microprocessors as well. Cores dual-core processors in a shared cache single coherent at the highest level of L2 cache to the level we, or perhaps
separate caches like current AMD Dual-Core. Each "core" independently
implements optimizations such as extraction, decoding, execution, pipeline, and
multithreading. System nuclei with N is very useful when we have N or more threads simultaneously. Technology is used in other technology areas in these days, especially those embedded processor, such as network processors in these
applications, multi-core processors with a larger number of elements treatment are the use of those days.
Section 2: The multi-
As noted Multiprocessing is the use of two or more processors in a computer system. Of course, an important issue is the system's ability to support more than one processor and the ability assign and distribute tasks among them.
Multiprocessing sometimes refers to the execution of several concurrent program in a system. However multiprogramming is well suited to describe this concept, which is usually implemented in software, but involve multiprocessing to describe using multiple processors. A system can be fully multithreaded and multithreading, only one of them, or none.
Section 3: Multithreaded programming
A research question is DualCore as a team really knows when to use each core.The answer is that the operating system is responsible, because there is a part of the operating system called "Scheduler". Program for the processor that the program to run any time. This allows different programs can run simultaneously, the processor can return them if necessary. When a large number of programs are running at the same time, a computer is particularly slow. If a dual-core
available processor, the programmer has the resources dual processor work with it.
Normally, this allows certain skills as being able to run a kernel specifically for
a game, while using the other core "fund" the things that keep the rest of the
operating system. And sometimes the two nuclei can work in the same program, but is designed to utilize the advantages of dual-core that we call "multi-threaded." However, it is important to note that if enforcement a program and not "multi-thread, it will not benefit more than one processor or core.
Micro-architecture processor resources are divided into three types:
Replicated, divided and shared.
Section 4: Development
Although manufacturing technology continues to improve size reduction of the doors of a being as an important issue. Some of these physical limitations can change and create high thermal dissipation and data synchronization problems. The demand for more capable microprocessors with greater efficiency allows designers processor to use various methods to increase performance. A certain educational level-parallelism (ILP) methods such as the pipeline are Suitable for many applications, but unsuitable for others. Many applications and programs are used for thread-level parallelism (TLP) methods and multiple independent processors is a method used to increase the overall system TLP. The space available reason to increase refined manufacturing processes and the growing demand of TLP are the logic behind the creation of Procesor DualCore.
Section 5: Two single-core cores cons
There are three important definitions and run I want to explain about them in my
paper. pipeline, cache and bus. This is most explanations of what the pipeline of the processor.
We must first know the instruction set data. A CPU load pipeline.It instructions in a data processing means sequentially one after the other all together.
pipeline shorter mean that more work is done in line per clock cycle.
However, with a short pipe is the data arriving faster than the equilibrium is very important, as is the Main well.The reason AMD can compete more clock Intel processors.
If the processor needs to access and communicate with the outside of the cache, it must be by the bus system RAM. However, if the cache is clocked at CPU clock speed the processor itself. If it is a 3 GHz processor, then the speed limit between the cache and 3GHz processor. If the processor is to communicate and
get off the bus to main memory, then you should reduce speed reaches the speed of the bus. I mean a bus speed of 600 MHz is five times slower than 3GHz.
Section 6: Implementation
There are different ways between AMD and Intel dual-core. AMD: they had to pass this plan dual core ages 6 ago.from first Athlon64 and Opteron freedom. The advantage of AMD technology is in how the two cores to communicate directly with each other. Intel, on the other hand, put two cores on the same Pentium chip, and if they need to communicate
the other must be done through mainboard.another problem is that Intel does not increase the FSB speed or front-side bus, which we know is the connection between the processor and display mainboard.It
becomes dual core means that processing power will double but the amount of bandwidth for each heart was not. This problem creates a bit suspect in the design of Intel, and some users think that Intel continues to be so powerful as can be. But designers Intel continue to use a faster memory system to keep information supplied to the processor cores. For example, the upper end of Intel chips
955chip Pentium Extreme Edition, has a higher speed of the FSB and 2 MB of cache memory have a larger heart and by the ability to use Hyperthreading.
On the other side of AMD, do not use the old model of FSB. Use a new technology called HyperTransport to communicate with system memory and chipset, and suggests that the chipset memory controller
processor. With this new technology, AMD was to benefit many, including the shift to dual core processors. The latest generation of AMD Core Solo processors can use a single channel or dual memory channel, but we consider that, despite the dual-channel operation will double the speed of memory, but not double
actual performance of the memory for Intel Core Solo. This shows that the dual channel memory only provides more bandwidth to the heart of a single processor can use. However, with a dual-core processor Additional bandwidth can be used.
Section 7: Benefits
Dual processors in the same circuit as the consistency cache that can work
much higher rate than is possible if the clock signals must travel outside the chip. Means
the combination of two processors on a given only to improve performance by Snoop cache or cache search. This means that signals between the different processors of distance In short trip, the signals degrade less. These signals allow more high-quality data to send and receive at some point because the individual signals can be short and do not need to repeat them.
Another problem is energy consumption in hardware. A processor Dual-core consumes less power than two processors or two single-core processors. The reason is that, to increase the power required to drive external signals to the chip, and because the process of silicon allows small cores to operate at lower voltages. from drivers
circuits, such as the L2 cache and the interface with the front-side bus (FSB).
Section 8: Disadvantages
As we saw in the operating system and systems architecture fully operational prove the best use of t material to implement programs to maximize especially on the CPU and RAM. In addition, the ability to dual-core processors to increase software performance, but depends on use Multiple
discussions on the application or program. For example, most games run faster on a 3 GHz processor that Singlecore architecture processor 2 GHz dual-core soul of it. Because they can not use more than one kernel at a time.
Another problem is the heat. In a dual-core processor is more difficult to manage the processors with low thermal density single chip. From the architectural point of view, we single processor models could make better use of the silicon surface which was design.in dual processor dual-core processors sharing the same system bus and memory bandwidth limit the advantage of real-time performance. If one core is close to being the change in memory bandwidth limited to dual-core only gives 30% to 65% improvement. And if the memory bandwidth
no problem, improvement of 90% can be expected. Dimensions: possible use or application software on two processors to run faster on dual-core processor to one if the communication between the processor has been limited by the factor, which equates to an improvement of more than 100%.
Section 9: Energy Consumption
As we know from politics the company is Intel not only the design of faster processors, but also very economical when attemping processors in the new Core architecture.
Therefore started a new activity based performance per watt. It is therefore
interesting to examine the consumption power of new processors and compare it with the previous generation of processors based on ancient architecture.
For better conclusion found a special utility to measure the maximum power consumption. Measuring current through the power circuit of the CPU. First, we measured the energy consumption in the processor in sleep mode.
The results are very different, as you can see what is probably caused by very different
Participants processor models. However, in general, the Core 2 Duo
performance may actually have less Prices in standby mode.
Article 10: features full dual-core processors
Now I conclude my analysis of the new Intel processors and exercise its functions with those of other dual-core processors available today with details on the parameters that are indirectly linked rate of return.
For this reason, I decided to put a mid-performance test chart. This parameter was calculated as the average geometry of all normalized results obtained during this trial period.
As you can see this table again shows the best performance of the new Intel CPU.
Athlon 64 FX-62, can compete with the Core 2 Duo E6600, while the Pentium Extreme Edition 965 can not be competing, same Core 2 Duo E6400. From a performance perspective, the Core 2 Extreme X6800, Core 2 Duo E6700 and Core 2 Duo E6600 Intel Core microarchitecture-winner in this comparison.
Conclusion:
In fact, we made the most important conclusions on the performance, price and DualCore processors energy consumption in this investigation. I just want to say once again a great job as Intel and excellent with these processors in the basic course architecture.of microphone is not that AMD has lost this competition and the market in the world. This company handled differently
and policy and technology as we know products.and AMD and Intel make the market upscale, but it makes the prices are cheaper AMD still remember as a strong competitor for intel.Ans also say that the Pentium D family that has lost a number their
members will be in demand. Despite the high consumption of heating and energy models of this family, which remain a good choice for systems low cost or at home.
As you can see, the move to dual core is definitely a victory for consumers. Since
are economically more dual-processor computers, and can provide the same performance or better. You can be the norm for modern computer systems.
About the Author
Published By: Mojtaba Sadeghi
Master of Computer Engineering
IAU University in Dubai-United Arab Emirates
Date: 08 July 2007
Email: sadeghi_kia@yahoo.com
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